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Meeting HandoutsAbout Wood Smoke Pollution Wood Smoke & Your Health Current Rer,ulations are Inadequate Myths and Facts About Wood-Bumine How You Can Help Contact Us Home Click Here for Printer -Friendly Paae A Cloud of Wood Smoke Forms Every Winter Wood Smoke from Residences is the Primary Source of Particulate Pollution during Winter Months Most wood -burning occurs during the late fall through winter seasons and usually during evening hours. Oftentimes in the winter, stagnant air conditions occur inversions occur under these conditions in which a blanket of air traps smoke and other pollutants near the ground. These conditions result in the rapid build -u people at the source of the smoke but also neighbors within the source's vicinity. Even on windy days, smoke from a chimney can result in excessive smoke e Wood -burning is the primary contributor to particulate pollution during winter months. During this period, wood-buming produces quantities of PM10 and PM2.: micrometers in size or less than 2.5 micrometers in size, respectively) that are far in excess of those produced by agriculture or industry combined. `Almost half of our particulate matter pollution comes from wood burning fireplaces. For folks with asthma, this can be life-threatening "(Quote from Reference 2 refer Wood Smoke Affects Non Wood -Burning Residents Even in the Privacy of Their Own Homes! When stagnant air conditions occur, use of a single wood -burning fireplace or insert can cause a buildup of particulate pollution in a neighborhood's air which i hour PM10 standard of 150 micrograms/cubic meter and the 24-hour PM2.5 standard of 35 micrograms/cubic meter (see below). "Even if you don't burn wood, neighbors' fires can enter your home. Smoke particles are so small they can seep into a home with closed windows and doors. The pollution levels inside a c/c levels outdoors" (Quote from Reference 1). Thus, while you or members of your family may not suffer tremendously from exposure to wood smoke, there almost certainly are some individuals in your nei concentrations of wood smoke can cause serious medical consequences. Indeed, pollution from a single fireplace if not almost immediately dispersed is suffic headaches, cardiac irregularities, and full respiratory failures leading to hospitalization in some individuals. Most People Do Not Realize How Much Pollution is Produced by Use of Wood -Burning Appliances Fireplaces and wood -burning appliances produce particulate pollution far in excess of most other sources commonly considered to be very polluting Fotlowinc produced from different sources: http://yolocleanair.org/woodsmoke.htm 1/28/2013 10 Comparative Hourly Particulate Emissions 59 0.48 One Chain Smoker One F.PA,erhfaid One Non -EPA Certified Chw, New XX) HP Dan Open Hearut One Open "aanti Smoking 12 Cigarettes P � replac 0 Fireplace Insert Diesel Truck Runnaig hreplace (favor F-roplace, (Upper t W.Ir Insert Fog "Ibronto Range of Fnmsmns) Range of Enitssms) 30 ?()D 0 59 0.48 One Chain Smoker One F.PA,erhfaid One Non -EPA Certified Chw, New XX) HP Dan Open Hearut One Open "aanti Smoking 12 Cigarettes P � replac 0 Fireplace Insert Diesel Truck Runnaig hreplace (favor F-roplace, (Upper t W.Ir Insert Fog "Ibronto Range of Fnmsmns) Range of Enitssms) ?()D 0 08 . ........................ . .... . . . ........ . .. . . .......... . ....... . .... . ........... . ....... ......... . ...... One Siunker CnK*,ng On. EPA Cel daA One Non UPA One No M HP One Open Hearth one, Open ftearth I Park,, Day Phdse It Fireplace Certified fireplace Diesel Truck Running f netIlace (Lower Fireplace (Upper Inwd 0poranvj 24 Inner Operating 2.4 Full Throft for 24 R.W. of k.-Mm5amis) Range of "ours"Day IlourwDay f4ows'Day Operating 24 Operating 24 HourvDay HourwDay Pollution Source Yolo Clean Air Website Page 3 of 6 On a comparative daily basis, one open hearth fireplace at the upper range of emissions Produces particulate Pollution equivalent to about 1.770 average smc running at full throttle . Few fireplace users would appreciate it if equivalent amounts of pollution from either of these sources were wafting over into their bedre backyards. By contrast, natural gas or propane -burning space heaters produce far less particulate pollution. "?he inhalable particle pollution from one woodstove is equiv 3,000 gas furnaces each producing the same amount of heat" (Quote from Reference 4 below). Since almost all of the PM10 particulate matter in smoke pollution is actually less than 2.5 micrometers ("microns") in size (see Reference t), the above emission r the amount of PM2.5 pollution in wood smoke. Wood Smoke Mostly Affects Those Closest to the Source As deleterious as wood smoke is on regional air quality, the effects are much more serious when wood smoke accumulates under stagnant conditions in the n wood smoke source. When stagnant air conditions occur with very little to no wind, a blanket of air traps smoke and other pollutants near the ground. These a outdoor smoke that can affect all neighbors within the source's immediate vicinity. Depending on the type of fireplace or insert used and the burning duration, conditions to many times the allowable Federal 24-hour Particulate Standards within a matter of hours. For instance, with completely still air, a single open hearth fireplace emitting 59 grams/hour of PM particulate pollution into the air surrounding a normal city bk concentration of PM particulate matter in the 100 ft. high environmental envelope above that block to rise to over 4,500 micrograms per cubic meter. This is ov for PM10 pollution of 150 micrograms per cubic meter and over 131 times the 24-hour Federal Standard for PM2.5 pollution of 35 micrograms per cubic meter And, as shown in the following table, even a comparatively "clean -burning" EPA Phase II - Certified wood stove or insert operating in completely stagnant air c in a 1 -block area rising to greater than the Federal 24-hour PM10 Standard in only about 5 1/2 hours. Similarly, under the same meteorological conditions the Phase II - Certified stove or insert would raise the neighborhood PM concentrations to greater than the Federal 24-hour PM2.5 Standard of 35 micrograms per http://yolocleanair.org/woodsmoke.htm 1/28/2013 Yolo Clean Air Website Average House Lot Lengt Average House Lot Width Houses on Length of Bloc Houses on Width of Block Fireplace Particulate Emission & Concentration Calculator (Assuming 0 mph Windspeed and No Ceiling Mixing) 40 0 - Input items 1 70 70 8 2 PM Emissions Total Hours Total Hoorly PM Total Daily PM r.......r c:.�..is. (Wams7lhour] No. Operating OPerating7Day l') Emissions (q] Emissions (q) operations commence at the beginning of monitoring Hour No Beginning PM Mass(g) r'1 PM Mass Added by Fireplace Use (g) Ending PM Mass (9) C'1 Ending PM Concentration (micrograms1m31 % of Allowable Y. of Allowable Federal 24 -Hour Federal 24 -Hour PM10 Standard PM2.5 Standard [750 Pglm3 = 100%) (35 pg1m3 = 1007) 1 0-0 82 82 26.6 18% 77% 2 8.2 8.2 16.4 53.6 367 153% 3 16.4 82 24.6 80.4 54% 230% 4 24.6 8.2 32.8 107.3 72% 306% 5 32.8 82 41.0 134.1 a3'/. 363% 6 41.0 8.2 43.2 160.9 107% 460% 7 492 6.2 57.4 187.7 125% 536% 8 57.4 8.2 65.6 214.5 143% 613% 9 65.6 62 73.8 2413 161% 689% 10 73.8 82 82.0 266.1 179% 766% 11 82.0 6.2 902 294.9 197% 8437. 12 90.2 8.2 98.4 321.8 215% 9197. 13 96.4 82 106.6 348.6 232% 996% 14 106.6 8.2 114.8 375.4 250% 1073% 15 114.8 8.2 123.0 402.2 268% 1149'/. 16 123.0 8.2 131.2 423.0 286% 1226% 17 1312 82 139-4 455.8 304% 1302% 18 133.4 82 147.6 482.6 322% 1379% 19 147.6 82 155-8 509.4 3407. 1456% 20 155.6 82 164.0 536.3 358% 1532% 21 164.0 82 172.2 563.1 375'/. 1609'/. 22 172.2 82 180.4 1 589.3 393% 1685% 23 160.4 82 1 188.6 616.7 411% 1762'/. 24 186.6 82 196.8 643.5 423% 1839% Page 4 of 6 l] Includes PM Mass attributableto ambient PM I....................................................... ... ........-..:.:.:..:: .:...:.......... ...:..:...... .. .._.........: ......................: Of course, completely stagnant air conditions extending over a full 24-hour period or of a sufficient duration that can result in these extremely high concentrati( conditions approaching completely stagnant air can frequently occur during atmospheric inversions in winter months such as often seen in California's Central And even with slight winds, wood smoke emitted from a chimney of a wood -burning appliance under relatively stable weather conditions can result in excessiv downwind neighbors. This can occur as a plume of smoke begins to broaden and disperse at ground level after exiting a chimney. The location, size, and con( depends on the distance from the source and the prevailing atmospheric conditions at the time of release. The dispersion pattern and steady-state ground level concentrations of the particulate pollution in such a plume can be calculated, however, and then plotted c to represent the areas of different concentrations in the plume. As an example, a single open hearth fireplace will produce an average of 44.5 g/hr of PM 10 and PM2.5 particulate pollution. Assuming stable atmospheric co (about 2.25 mph), the plume size and concentrations that are expected to occur are represented by the multi -colored vertical stripes in the center of the followi http://yolocleanair.org/woodsmoke.htm 1/28/2013 Yolo Clean Air Website Page 5 of 6 In this example, ground -level particulate pollution concentrations in excess of 73 micrograms per cubic meter were predicted to be produced about 250 feet do the school. The areas of lesser concentration immediately surrounding the plume "hot spot" are represented by lighter colors and were also mostly predicted d PM2.5 standard of 35 micrometers per cubic meter. Of interest, the fireplace polluter is exposed to virtually NONE of their own PM pollution! As long as even e all beyond their property lines to their neighbors which, in the above case, happens to be an elementary school. One should also note that the plume of particulate pollution produced by such a wood -burning appliance is actually far broader than that shown in the above e highest concentrations are shown. The largest area of the plume (which represents the lowest range of concentrations from 0 -1 S micrograms per cubic metes actually extends well over the school's ground surface area compared to only the excessively higher concentrations in the center of the plume displayed in the Also note that these plume concentrations assume that zero particulate matter is already in the atmosphere. If ambient conditions are such that background pt or exceed the Federal 24-hour PM2.5 standard of 35 micrometers per cubic meter (as can often be the case during winter months when stagnant weather con height), the actual area in which exposure to particulate matter pollution occurs in excess of the Federal Standard would be substantially larger than even that Further, much wider plumes with even greater concentrations of ground -level particulate pollution can occur when numerous houses in the same neighborhoo. cumulative adverse effect that this has on downwind air quality can also be quantitatively predicted. As an example, the following picture identifies a neighborh a large senior retirement community. Assume 10% of these homes at randomly -selected locations were simultaneously burning wood at the emission rates sp If the atmosphere were stable and the prevailing winds were mild and in the direction of the senior center, excessively high concentrations of particulate polluti senior center. As shown in the following picture, the highest ground -level concentrations of particulate matter pollution produced under these conditions are ex cubic meter - or over 3 times the 24-hour PM2.5 standard. A broad plume of particulate pollution also in excess of the Federal Standards extends outward fron Including the unseen low concentration portion of the plume, the senior facility is functionally awash in particulate pollution - none of which is their own making http://yolocleanair.org/woodsmoke.htm 1/28/2013 Y olo Clean Air Website Page 6 of 6 About the Dispersion Model All of the concentrations and locations of the various dispersion plumes displayed in this document were calculated using software employing the US EPA Indf (ISC3). In the interests of brevity, only the most relevant input parameters are provided that were used to calculate the isolines and concentrations shown in th of the algorithms of the model is available in the User's Guide for the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Model, Volume II - Description of Model Alc which can be freely downloaded at www.eoa.oov/scram001/userc/regmod/isc3v2.odf. References 1. Staff Report on San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Rule 4901 - Wood Burning Fireplaces -Stoves, June 19, 2003 2. Jeff Starsky, Chairman of the Sacramento Air Quality Management District, Insights, Capital Public Radio November 21, 2006 3. Sam Atwood, South Coast Air Quality Management District, "Pollution Linked to Premature Deaths", KABC Channel 7, June 1, 2007 4. California Air Resources Board, Consumer Information Sheet, "Reducing Air Pollution from Residential Wood Burning", September 12, 2005 5. Staff Report on Sacramento Air Quality Management District Rule 421 — Wood -Burning Appliances, September 27, 2007 back to too of oaae ©Copyright 2007 Yolo Clean Air All Rights For more information feel free to Contact tIs http://yolocleanair.org/woodsmoke.htm 1/28/2013 S.j$p . �` R Pav'j-r'd 0('� 0 -t� r oee-k v -)U_- § 10.32 Section 10.32: Animals and Fowl -Keeping, Transporting, Treatment, and Housing Subdivision 1. Definitions As used in this Section, the following definitions shall apply. A. Farm Animals: Cattle, horses, mules, sheep, goats, swine, ponies, ducks, geese, turkeys,-ehie;efis, guinea hens and honey bees. B. Animals: Includes farm animals and all other animals, reptiles and feathered birds or fowl except dogs, cats, gerbils, hamsters and caged household birds flN't tA&O CN+cuE NS . Subdivision 2. Keeping It is unlawful for any person to keep or harbor any animal, not in transit, except (1) animals kept as part of a show licensed under the City Code, or, (2) animals used in a parade for which a permit has been issued, or, (3) animals kept in a laboratory for scientific or experimental purposes, or, (4) animals kept in an animal hospital or clinic for treatment by a licensed veterinarian. Subdivision 3. Animals in Transit It is unlawful for any person to transport animals unless they are (1) confined within a vehicle, cage or other means of conveyance, or (2) restrained by means of bridles, halters, ropes or other means of individual restraint. Subdivision 4. Treatment It is unlawful for any person to treat any animal as herein defined, or any other animal, in a cruel or inhumane manner. Subdivision S. Housing It is unlawful for any person to keep any animal as herein defined, or any other animal, in any structure infested by rodents, vermin, flies or insects, or inadequate for protection against the elements. Subdivision 6. Trespasses It is unlawful for any person to herd, drive or ride any animal over and upon any grass, turf, boulevard, City park, cemetery, garden or lot without specific permission therefor from the owner. Subdivision 7. Trapping It is unlawful for any person to, by means of any device or contrivance, catch, trap, snare, or restrain any animal. Provided, however, that the Director of Public Safety or Director of Public Works may waive the prohibition in this Subdivision for the purpose of abating nuisances. Golden Valley City Code Page 1 of 2 § 10.32 Subdivision S. Enforcement Licensed peace officers, reserve officers, and community service officers, employed by the Department of Public Safety are authorized to issue citations for the violation of this Section. Source: City Code Effective Date: 6-30-88 A,b N-r>T2 R 1 1 �5 10 Acc.oeDAQ C wl`TH S.FGTIC)rJ y.(00 Golden Valley City Code Page 2 of 2